Résumé: Le pouvoir instrumentalisant de la technoscience prenant comme matière l'Homme lui-même oblige à une réflexion sur les valeurs qu'il entend maintenir. L'éthique est une réflexion d'hommes libres, raisonnables et responsables sur la pratique qui se voudrait universelle, d'une morale qui fixe la distinction entre le Bien et le Mal. En éthique biomédicale il apparaît que l'être humain (biologiquement défini) a droit à la vie, que l'embryon ne peut être sujet de recherches, que le diagnostic préimplantatoire doit être exceptionnel ; que l'être humain a droit à la dignité, que le corps humain ne doit pas être soumis à des traitements dégradants, que le corps humain ou ses éléments ne peuvent être commercialisés ni brevetés. Le mort a droit au respect. La personne (définie comme conscience d'un moi conçu en relation avec un toi) a droit à la liberté, à divers droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. La notion de crime contre l'humanité se précise progressivement, comme celle de patrimoine commun de l'humanité. En matière d'environnement sont à considérer les devoirs de l'Homme envers les animaux et pour le maintien des grands équilibres biogéochimiques dans les écosystèmes, dans le concept de développement durable. Toute réglementation en matière d'éthique ne peut être que compromis entre des buts contradictoires.

Abstract: Within the framework of the increasing development of techniques and technology, Humankind is often considered and used as an instrument. Because power from the industry can generate bad consequences that are unforeseeable and thus out of a comprehensive control, new thoughts on Mankind and its values are needed. The moral code gives the practical distinction between good and evil. Ethics calls to a reflection from free, reasonable and responsible beings. Numerous groups of thoughts working for a progressive emergence of universally admitted ethic rules that should allow the offer of an international right of ‘Human rights’ are now available at different levels, i.e. professional, national, international. From the biomedical ethic, it appears that Human beings, considered as biological entities, have the right to live, that the embryo must not be used as an usual research material and that the diagnostic of embryos before implantation must be exceptional. Human being has a right to dignity. This means that one must not be submitted to degrading treatments (torture, slavery, …), must have access to health care, must not constitute an experimental object, the germinal cells must not be manipulated and neither his body or its constituting elements must ever be commercialised or patented. Corpses need respect and any attack to their integrity (in order to extract profits for public health, science, justice…) must be justified. A person, defined here as a self-awa-reness constructed in function of other persons, must be free (i.e. his consent is absolutely needed for a diagnostic or experimental treatment) and has economical, social and cultural rights. French laws do not permit a person to choose his death The international law progressively refines a definition of crime against humanity (ethnic extinction, torture, rape…). In the ethics for environment, the respect of men towards animals considered as individuals and species in the framework of the conservation of the nature and genetics resources, is taken into account rather than the rights of animals per se. Finally, an arsenal of agreements, directives and legislation at local, national and international levels attempts to harmonise the practices of the technoscience with the concept of long lasting development, in order to maintain the higher-order balances within ecosystems. Mankind felt itself responsible of the environment for the future generations. Nevertheless, any regulation in the matter of ethic remains a compromise within contradictory views. The only general rule for every one, remains not to harm others, and to give oneself to others. This is, for long time, the traditional basis of religious preachments, although its success remains relatively controversial.

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